Lab Manual: Introduction to pandas and DataFrame

Introduction 

This lab manual is designed to provide hands-on experience with data science concepts, including data collection, preprocessing, analysis, visualization, and machine learning. The labs are structured to help students develop practical skills in Python using libraries like Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, and SciPy.

Objective:

Learn how to collect and preprocess data

Understand structured and unstructured data

Tasks:

1. Create and manipulate arrays using Python.

2. Load structured data into Pandas DataFrames.

3. Clean data by handling missing values and incorrect entries.

Python Code:

import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

data = {'col1': [1, 2, 3, 4, 7], 'col2': [4, 5, np.nan, 9, 5], 'col3': [7, 8, 12, 1, 11]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

df.fillna(df.mean(), inplace=True)

print(df)

Data Analysis and Visualization

• Learn how to analyze and visualize data

• Use descriptive statistics and correlation analysis

Tasks:

1. Compute basic statistics like mean, median, and standard deviation.

2. Visualize data using Matplotlib.

Python Code:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [80, 85, 90, 95, 100]

y = [240, 250, 260, 270, 280]

plt.plot(x, y, marker='o')

plt.xlabel('Average Pulse')

plt.ylabel('Calorie Burnage')

plt.title('Pulse vs Calorie Burnage')

plt.show()

Linear Regression

• Implement linear regression using Python

• Understand the relationship between variables

Tasks:

1. Calculate the slope and intercept for a linear function.

2. Use NumPy to perform linear regression.

Python Code:

import numpy as np

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100])

y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280])

slope, intercept = np.polyfit(x, y, 1)

print(f'Slope: {slope}, Intercept: {intercept}')

Data Cleaning and Transformation

• Clean and normalize data

• Convert categorical data to numerical values

Tasks:

1. Convert object types to numerical data.

2. Normalize data using Min-Max scaling.

Python Code:

df['col1'] = df['col1'].astype(float)

df['col2'] = df['col2'] / df['col2'].max()

print(df)

Correlation and Causality

• Learn to distinguish correlation from causality

• Use correlation matrices to find relationships

Tasks:

1. Compute correlation coefficients between variables.

2. Visualize correlations using a scatter plot.

Python Code:

import seaborn as sns

corr_matrix = df.corr()

sns.heatmap(corr_matrix, annot=True)

plt.show()

Conclusion 

This lab manual provides structured exercises to help students understand and apply data science concepts. Through these labs, students will gain proficiency in data handling, analysis, visualization, and predictive modeling.